Those involved in section 1983 litigation know that there are three ways for a local government to be liable in damages for an official policy or custom. Monell v. Dept. of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978). (1) The first way is where a local government’s official policy brings about the plaintiff’s constitutional deprivation. For … Continue reading Who Decides the Final Policymaker Question in Section 1983 Litigation?